Which statement best describes formative vs summative assessment?

• A. Formative assessment measures engagement; summative measures effort.
• B. Formative assessment uses only objective tests; summative uses projects.
• C. Formative assessment is used during the learning process to provide feedback; summative evaluation is at the end.
• D. Formative assessment provides ongoing feedback during learning to improve; summative assessment evaluates learning at the end to determine achievement.

Answer: (D)